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Multiplexing in Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health Research

Research in veterinary medicine and animal health is crucial to the protection of both animal and human health, and the advancement of science. Explore the benefits of using biomarker detection multiplex immunoassays, such as MILLIPLEX® multiplex assays, for companion and agricultural animal research.

Section Overview

Benefits of Using Biomarker Detection Multiplex Immunoassays in Animal Research

Animal health research encompasses many different areas including veterinary medicine and companion and agricultural animal studies. When multiplexing with biomarker detection multiplex immunoassays, researchers can save valuable time, money, and sample volume while dramatically increasing the number of data points generated from a single assay.

MILLIPLEX® Multiplex Assays for Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health Research

MILLIPLEX® multiplex assays, based on Luminex® xMAP® technology, enable scientists studying veterinary medicine, animal health, and animal models, as well as human health, to understand complex biological systems and processes.

MILLIPLEX® Companion and Agricultural Animal kits can analyze the following animal species:

Agricultural Animals

Companion Animals

These highly verified assays help save time and sample volume while producing the highest quality data (Table 1).

Table 1.Comparison of MILLIPLEX® assays vs. traditional ELISAs.

Examples of Cytokine Multiplex Analysis for Agricultural Animal Research

View examples of ovine, chicken, and bovine cytokine multiplex assays being used in agricultural animal research below.

Ovine

The MILLIPLEX® Ovine Cytokine/Chemokine Panel 1 is the first multiplex panel designed to analyze your choice of up to 14 ovine cytokines within the same sample. See examples of data using this panel in Figures 1 and 2.

Graph of analyte concentrations. Ovine PBMC (BioIVT, Hicksville, NY) were stimulated for 48 hours with LPS or Concanavalin A (Con-A) or left unstimulated. Cell supernatants were collected and assayed according to protocol in the MILLIPLEX® Ovine Cytokine Chemokine Panel 1 (n=3, mean). The analyte IL-8 reached saturation on the standard curve for this sample group.

Figure 1.Ovine PBMC (BioIVT, Hicksville, NY) were stimulated for 48 hours with LPS or Concanavalin A (Con-A) or left unstimulated. Cell supernatants were collected and assayed according to the protocol in the MILLIPLEX® Ovine Cytokine/Chemokine Panel 1 (n=3, mean). The analyte IL-8 reached saturation on the standard curve for this sample group.

Graph showing ovine milk cytokine concentrations. MILLIPLEX® ovine milk samples (BioIVT, Hicksville, NY) were assayed according to protocol in the Ovine Cytokine Chemokine Panel 1 (n=10, mean).

Figure 2.MILLIPLEX® ovine milk samples (BioIVT, Hicksville, NY) were assayed according to the protocol in the Ovine Cytokine/Chemokine Panel 1 (n=10, mean).

Chicken

The MILLIPLEX® Chicken Cytokine/Chemokine Panel 1 is the first multiplex panel designed to analyze your choice of up to 12 chicken cytokines within the same sample. See example data using this panel below (Figure 3).

Graph showing analyte data from normal healthy chicken plasma and serum samples (n=8 each) assayed according to the overnight protocol of the MILLIPLEX® Chicken Cytokine/Chemokine Panel. “ND=n” indicates the number of samples for which the analyte was not detected in the assay. The analyte IL-21 was not detected in these samples, however, it is expected that certain disease/inflammation states will show IL-21 values in assay.

Figure 3.Normal healthy New Hampshire chicken plasma and serum samples (n=8 each) were sourced commercially and assayed according to the overnight protocol of the MILLIPLEX® Chicken Cytokine/Chemokine Panel 1. “ND=n” indicates the number of samples for which the analyte was not detected in the assay. The analyte IL-21 was not detected in these samples, however, it is expected that certain disease/inflammation states will show IL-21 values in assay.

Bovine

The MILLIPLEX® Bovine Cytokine/Chemokine Panel 1 is the first multiplex panel designed to analyze up to 15 bovine cytokines within the same sample. Figures 4 and 5 show examples of analyte data from two sample types.

Graph showing analyte data for bovine PBMCs (BioIVT, Hicksville, NY) were treated with LPS or Concanavalin A (Con A) for 48 hr, after which, cell-free samples were collected and assayed with the MILLIPLEX® Bovine Cytokine/Chemokine Panel 1 (n=3 mean ± SEM). *Notes saturation on the standard curve for these sample groups.

Figure 4. Bovine PBMCs (BioIVT, Hicksville, NY) were treated with LPS or Concanavalin A (Con A) for 48 hours, after which, cell-free samples were collected and assayed with the MILLIPLEX® Bovine Cytokine/Chemokine Panel 1 (n=3 mean ± SEM). *Notes saturation on the standard curve for these sample groups.

Graph showing analyte data of serum samples obtained from BioIVT (Hicksville, NY). Samples were assayed according to MILLIPLEX® Bovine Cytokine/Chemokine Panel 1 protocol.

Figure 5.Serum samples were obtained from BioIVT (Hicksville, NY). Samples were assayed according to protocol in the MILLIPLEX® Bovine Cytokine/Chemokine Panel 1.

Acute phase proteins (APPs) can serve as key indicators of animal welfare and stress. The acute phase response, a systemic reaction triggered by tissue injury, infection, inflammation, trauma, or stress, results in rapid changes in APP levels in biological fluids. In cattle, APPs play a crucial role in combating infections and limiting tissue damage. Haptoglobin and Fibrinogen are two critical APP biomarkers in cattle. The MILLIPLEX® Bovine Acute Phase Protein Panel can quantitatively measure the levels of both Haptoglobin and Fibrinogen in a single sample, streamlining the process of APP biomarker analysis and offering a more comprehensive tool for assessing bovine health (Table 2 and Figure 6).

Table 2.Assay Characteristics for the MILLIPLEX® Bovine Acute Phase Protein Panel. Note: Fibrinogen is a plasma-specific protein and is removed from serum by depletion of clotting factors. Therefore, the use of serum samples is NOT recommended for fibrinogen detection.
Detection of acute phase protein (APP) markers in bovine milk samples with mastitis using MILLIPLEX® Bovine Acute Phase Protein Panel. Graph shows haptoglobin concentration ~1,000 µg/mL while fibrinogen concentration ~2,750 µg/mL.

Figure 6.Bovine milk sample concentration for Haptoglobin and Fibrinogen in animals with mastitis.

Equine

Inflammation and immune cell response are key to maintaining homeostasis. The more we understand the mechanisms of disease, the more we discover the role that inflammation plays in the etiology of disease. This is as true for horses as it is for humans. Both experience immunological diseases, such as infectious diseases, osteoarthritis, and respiratory diseases, as well as neurologic, metabolic, and cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The MILLIPLEX® Equine Cytokine/Chemokine Panel is a 23-plex kit used for the simultaneous analysis of analytes in equine serum, plasma, and cell culture supernatants or tissue/ cell extracts (Table 3).

Table 3.Assay characteristics for the MILLIPLEX® Equine Cytokine/Chemokine Panel.

Porcine

The MILLIPLEX® Porcine Cytokine/Chemokine Panel allows for simultaneous quantification of 13 analytes in a configurable or fixed premix format (Table 4).

Table 4.The Porcine Cytokine/Chemokine Panel was developed using porcine-specific antibodies. Cross-reactivity studies with various large and minipigs were performed. The +++, ++, +/-, or – indicate degree of reactivity. +++ denotes range of 0-15 ng/mL, ++ denotes range of 0-1 ng/mL, +/- denotes range of 0-0.1 ng/mL, and – denotes no detectable response in serum samples tested.

Acute phase proteins (APPs) constitute an integral part of the innate immune response, exhibiting significant alterations in their serum/plasma concentrations in response to inflammation, infection, or trauma. This group of proteins includes haptoglobin and C-reactive protein (CRP), which play roles in immune response and are frequently studied as biomarkers of systemic inflammation and disease. The MILLIPLEX® Porcine Acute Phase Protein Panel is a 2-plex kit for the simultaneous quantification CRP and Haptoglobin in porcine samples (Figure 7).

Standard curves for acute phase protein (APP) markers in porcine samples using MILLIPLEX® Porcine Acute Phase Protein Panel. Graphs show concentration in ng/mL on the x-axis and MFI on the y-axis. Haptoglobin graph shows a curve with a straight line going diagonally up and then slightly curving at the top while the CRP graph shows more of a traditional S-curve with curves at the bottom and top of the line.

Figure 7.Representative standard curves with sample values from commercially sourced Yorkshire pig serum and plasma (n=10) and Minipig serum and plasma (n=8). ND=n indicates the number of samples that were below the assay limit of detection.

Examples of Pituitary Hormone and Cytokine Analysis Multiplex Analysis for Companion Animal Research

Canine

View an example of canine pituitary hormone multiplex assays being used in companion animal research below.

Quantitate canine pituitary hormones in serum, plasma, and cell/tissue culture samples of up to six analytes with the MILLIPLEX® Canine Pituitary Expanded Panel. See example analyte data in Figure 8.

Graph showing analyte data of normal canine serum/plasma samples that were assayed using MILLIPLEX® Canine Pituitary Expanded Panel. Red circles show where each sample fell upon the indicated analyte standard curve.

Figure 8.Commercially sourced normal canine serum (n=22) and plasma (n=27) samples were assayed according to protocol using the MILLIPLEX® Canine Pituitary Expanded Panel. Magenta circles show where each sample fell upon the indicated analyte standard curve.

Feline

Feline inflammatory markers are of interest in a variety of diseases, including sepsis, septic shock, mycobacteriosis, inflammatory oral disease, neoplastic disease, allergy, and asthma. The MILLIPLEX® Feline Cytokine/Chemokine Panel comes as a convenient fixed premix for the simultaneous analysis of 19 immune factors (Figure 9).

Standard curves for inflammatory markers in feline samples using MILLIPLEX® Feline Cytokine/Chemokine Panel. Graph shows concentration in pg/mL on the x-axis and MFI on the y-axis. Traditional S-curves are shown for 19 cytokines/chemokines including Fas, IFNγ, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα¬.

Figure 9.Representative standard curve ranges for 19 feline cytokines/chemokines.

Customer Interview

Q&A on Agricultural Research Using A Bovine Cytokine/Chemokine Multiplex Panel

Read our interview with Dr. Kyle McLean, PAS, Assistant Professor in Ruminant Reproduction, from the Department of Animal Science at the University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture to see how MILLIPLEX® panels helped advance his agricultural animal research.

Briefly describe your current research.
My research focuses on ruminant reproduction with a particular focus on the uterine environment, placental development, and fetal programming in early gestation.

Specifically, how do cows fit into your research?
Cows are the focus of my research.

Why did you choose cows?
It has been and will always be the focus of my research due to the economic importance and biomedical potential of cattle.

How does using the MILLIPLEX® Bovine Cytokine/Chemokine Panel 1 help your research and/or workflow?
This panel has allowed me to quantify more cytokines with less sample and more quickly than anything else. It has also allowed us to develop a profile for the uterine environment.

What other great work is being done in your laboratory?
We are also establishing the amino acid profile of the uterine environment as well as looking into the impacts of nutrition on the composition of seminal plasma in bulls.

If you could solve any challenge in research, what would it be?
Understand the mechanisms behind the establishment of pregnancy and establish the nutrient requirements of both mother and embryo during pregnancy.

Do you have any advice for scientists starting out in your field?
Don’t be afraid to ask the hard questions and think outside the box.

Related Vet Med Multiplex Assays

Agricultural Animals

Ovine
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Chicken
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Bovine
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Equine
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Porcine
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Companion Animals

Canine
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Feline
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Multi-Species
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If you cannot find the assay you are looking for, we also offer custom assay services to help you multiplex it your way and develop the right assay for your research.

For Research Use Only. Not For Use In Diagnostic Procedures.

Highlighted Publications

See how MILLIPLEX® multiplex assays are being used in veterinary medicine and animal health research.

Ovine

1.
Fusco A, Hohl K, Even K, Joenathan A, Grinstaff M, Schaer T, Snyder B. 2021. Valgus malalignment induces osteoarthritis in the ovine stifle joint. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. 29S170-S171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2021.02.237
2.
Naylor D, Sharma A, Li Z, Monteith G, Sullivan T, Canovas A, Mallard B, Baes C, Karrow N. 2020. Short communication: Characterizing ovine serum stress biomarkers during endotoxemia. Journal of Dairy Science. 103(6):5501-5508. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-17718
3.
Pelayo R, Marina H, Suárez-Vega A, Hervás G, Esteban-Blanco C, Gausseres B, Foucras G, Arranz JJ, Gutiérrez-Gil B. 2023. Influence of a temporary restriction of dietary protein in prepubertal ewe lambs on first lactation milk traits and response to a mammary gland inflammatory challenge. Research in Veterinary Science. 15957-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.04.006

Chicken

1.
Swaggerty CL, Malheiros RD, Lahaye L, Salgado HH, Byrd JA, Genovese KJ, He H, Santin E, Kogut MH. 2023. Addition of a protected complex of biofactors and antioxidants to breeder hen diets confers transgenerational protection against Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in progeny chicks. Poultry Science. 102(4):102531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2023.102531
2.
Sebők C, Walmsley S, Tráj P, Mackei M, Vörösházi J, Petrilla J, Kovács L, Kemény Á, Neogrády Z, Mátis G. Immunomodulatory effects of chicken cathelicidin-2 on a primary hepatic cell co-culture model. PLoS ONE. 17(10):e0275847. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275847
3.
Dal Pont GC, Lee A, Bortoluzzi C, Farnell YZ, Gougoulias C, Kogut MH. Bacitracin Supplementation as a Growth Promoter Down-Regulates Innate and Adaptive Cytokines in Broilers’ Intestines. Poultry. 2(3):411-417. https://doi.org/10.3390/poultry2030030

Bovine

1.
Smith K, Kleynhans L, Snyders C, Bernitz N, Cooper D, van Helden P, Warren RM, Miller MA, Goosen WJ. 2021. Use of the MILLIPLEX® bovine cytokine/chemokine multiplex assay to identify Mycobacterium bovis-infection biomarkers in African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer). Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 231110152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110152
2.
Opgenorth J, Mayorga E, Abeyta M, Goetz B, Rodriguez-Jimenez S, Freestone A, McGill J, Baumgard L. 2024. Intravenous lipopolysaccharide challenge in early- versus mid-lactation dairy cattle. I: The immune and inflammatory responses. Journal of Dairy Science. 107(8):6225-6239. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2023-24350
3.
Opgenorth J, Abeyta M, Goetz B, Rodriguez-Jimenez S, Freestone A, Rhoads R, McMillan R, McGill J, Baumgard L. 2024. Intramammary lipopolysaccharide challenge in early- versus mid-lactation dairy cattle: Immune, production, and metabolic responses. Journal of Dairy Science. 107(8):6252-6267. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2023-24488
4.
Delavaud C, de la Torre A, Durand D, et al. 2023. Dairy cow inflammatory status is modulated by physiological stage and feed restriction. 74th Annual Meeting of the European Federation of Animal Science, EAAP, Lyon, France.
5.
Goetz B, Abeyta M, Rodriguez-Jimenez S, Opgenorth J, McGill J, Fensterseifer S, Arias R, Lange A, Galbraith E, Baumgard L. 2024. Effects of a multistrain Bacillus-based direct-fed microbial on gastrointestinal permeability and biomarkers of inflammation during and following feed restriction in mid-lactation Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 107(8):6192-6210. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2023-24352
6.
Chirivi M, Cortes-Beltran D, Munsterman A, O'Connor A, Contreras GA. 2023. Lipolysis inhibition as a treatment of clinical ketosis in dairy cows: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Dairy Science. 106(12):9514-9531. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2023-23409

Equine

1.
Segabinazzi LGTM, Canisso IF, Podico G, Cunha LL, Novello G, Rosser MF, Loux SC, Lima FS, Alvarenga MA. Intrauterine Blood Plasma Platelet-Therapy Mitigates Persistent Breeding-Induced Endometritis, Reduces Uterine Infections, and Improves Embryo Recovery in Mares. Antibiotics. 10(5):490. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10050490
2.
Pavulraj S, Kamel M, Stephanowitz H, Liu F, Plendl J, Osterrieder N, Azab W. Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 Modulates Cytokine and Chemokine Profiles of Mononuclear Cells for Efficient Dissemination to Target Organs. Viruses. 12(9):999. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12090999
3.
Zak A, Siwinska N, Elzinga S, Barker V, Stefaniak T, Schanbacher B, Place N, Niedzwiedz A, Adams A. 2020. Effects of advanced age and pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction on components of the acute phase reaction in horses. Domestic Animal Endocrinology. 72106476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106476
4.
Zak A, Siwinska N, Elzinga S, Barker V, Stefaniak T, Schanbacher B, Place N, Niedzwiedz A, Adams A. 2020. Effects of equine metabolic syndrome on inflammation and acute-phase markers in horses. Domestic Animal Endocrinology. 72106448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106448
5.
Santos VH, Pfeifer JBH, Rosa GS, et al. 2023. Synovial-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Encapsulated in Alginate Beads Provide Better Outcomes for Equine Tarsus Chondral Lesions. Journal of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine. 5: 265-279.

Porcine

1.
Fernandez J, Sanders H, Henn J, Wilson JM, Malone D, Buoninfante A, Willms M, Chan R, DuMont AL, McLahan C, et al. Vaccination With Detoxified Leukocidin AB Reduces Bacterial Load in a Staphylococcus aureus Minipig Deep Surgical Wound Infection Model. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab219
2.
Naujokat H, Sengebusch A, Loger K, Möller B, Açil Y, Wiltfang J. 2021. Therapy of antigen-induced arthritis of the temporomandibular joint via platelet-rich plasma injections in domestic pigs. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery. 49(8):726-731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2021.02.022
3.
Wen X, Wu W, Fang W, Tang S, Xin H, Xie J, Zhang H. 2019. Effects of long-term heat exposure on cholesterol metabolism and immune responses in growing pigs. Livestock Science. 230103857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2019.103857
4.
Lee A, You L, Oh S, Li Z, Fisher-Heffernan R, Regnault T, de Lange C, Huber L, Karrow N. 2019. Microalgae supplementation to late gestation sows and its effects on the health status of weaned piglets fed diets containing high- or low-quality protein sources. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 218109937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109937
5.
Borges AM, Ferrari RS, Thomaz LDGR, Ulbrich JM, Félix EA, Silvello D, Andrade CF. 2019. Challenges and perspectives in porcine model of acute lung injury using oleic acid. Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 59101837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pupt.2019.101837
6.
Fardisi M, Thelen K, Groenendal A, Rajput M, Sebastian K, Contreras GA, Moeser AJ. Early weaning and biological sex shape long-term immune and metabolic responses in pigs. Sci Rep. 13(1): https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-42553-9
7.
Curtasu MV, Skou Hedemann M, Nygaard Lærke H, Bach Knudsen KE. Obesity Development and Signs of Metabolic Abnormalities in Young Göttingen Minipigs Consuming Energy Dense Diets Varying in Carbohydrate Quality. Nutrients. 13(5):1560. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051560
8.
Veit C, Janczak AM, Ranheim B, Vas J, Valros A, Sandercock DA, Piepponen P, Dulgheriu D, Nordgreen J. The Effect of LPS and Ketoprofen on Cytokines, Brain Monoamines, and Social Behavior in Group-Housed Pigs. Front. Vet. Sci.. 7 https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.617634
9.
López M, Madrid J, Hernández F, Ros MA, Segura JC, López MJ, Pallarés FJ, Sánchez CJ, Martínez-Miró S. Effect of Feed Supplementation with Clostridium butyricum, Alone or in Combination with Carob Meal or Citrus Pulp, on Digestive and Metabolic Status of Piglets. Animals. 11(10):2924. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11102924

Canine

1.
Harjen HJ, Nicolaysen TV, Negard T, Lund H, Sævik BK, Anfinsen KP, Moldal ER, Zimmer KE, Rørtveit R. 2021. Serial serum creatinine, SDMA and urinary acute kidney injury biomarker measurements in dogs envenomated by the European adder (Vipera berus). BMC Vet Res. 17(1): https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-021-02851-8
2.
Solcà MdS, Arruda MR, Leite BMM, Mota TF, Rebouças MF, de Jesus MS, Amorim LDAF, Borges VM, Valenzuela J, Kamhawi S, et al. Immune response dynamics and Lutzomyia longipalpis exposure characterize a biosignature of visceral leishmaniasis susceptibility in a canine cohort. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 15(2):e0009137. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009137
3.
Davis J, Rossi G, Miller DW, Cianciolo RE, Raisis AL. 2021. Ability of different assay platforms to measure renal biomarker concentrations during ischaemia-reperfusion acute kidney injury in dogs. Research in Veterinary Science. 135547-554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.11.005
4.
Allison L, Jaffey J, Bradley-Siemens N, Tao Z, Thompson M, Backus R. 2020. Immune function and serum vitamin D in shelter dogs: A case-control study. The Veterinary Journal. 261105477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105477
5.
Kaid C, Madi RAdS, Astray R, Goulart E, Caires-Junior LC, Mitsugi TG, Moreno ACR, Castro-Amarante MF, Pereira LR, Porchia BFMM, et al. 2020. Safety, Tumor Reduction, and Clinical Impact of Zika Virus Injection in Dogs with Advanced-Stage Brain Tumors. Molecular Therapy. 28(5):1276-1286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.03.004
6.
Martinez P, Pucheu C, Liu C, Carter R. 2020. Cytokine tear film profile determination in eyes of healthy dogs and those with inflammatory periocular and skin disorders. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 221110012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110012
7.
Dias JN, Lopes M, Peleteiro C, Vicente G, Nunes T, Mateus L, Aires-da-Silva F, Tavares L, Gil S. 2019. Canine multicentric lymphoma exhibits systemic and intratumoral cytokine dysregulation. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 218109940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109940
8.
Hutchison S, Sahay B, de Mello SC, Sayour E, Lejeune A, Szivek A, Livaccari A, Fox-Alvarez S, Salute M, Powers L, et al. 2019. Characterization of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and cytokines GM-CSF, IL-10 and MCP-1 in dogs with malignant melanoma receiving a GD3-based immunotherapy. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 216109912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109912
9.
Jewell DE, Tavener SK, Creech R, Panickar KS. Betaine and L-Carnitine Synergistically Influence the Metabolome and Immune Response in Dogs. Animals. 14(3):357. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14030357
10.
Bonder BSA, Teixeira FA, Porsani MYH, Gonçales LA, Nagashima JK, de-Oliveira CM, Balieiro JCC, Pfrimer K, Massoco CdO, Fantoni DT, et al. Evaluation of an onco-diet on body composition and inflammatory status of dogs with mammary tumor—Pilot study. PLoS ONE. 18(7):e0287797. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287797
11.
Brunner A, Lehmann A, Hettlich B, Peters LM, Doras CJ, Adamik K. Inflammatory biomarker concentrations in dogs with gastric dilatation volvulus with and without 24-h intravenous lidocaine. Front. Vet. Sci.. 10 https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1287844

Feline

1.
O'Halloran C, McCulloch L, Rentoul L, Alexander J, Hope JC, Gunn-Moore DA. 2018. Cytokine and Chemokine Concentrations as Biomarkers of Feline Mycobacteriosis. Sci Rep. 8(1): https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35571-5
2.
Lee Y, Maes R, Tai SS, Soboll Hussey G. 2019. Viral replication and innate immunity of feline herpesvirus-1 virulence-associated genes in feline respiratory epithelial cells. Virus Research. 26456-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2019.02.013
3.
Kopanke JH, Horak KE, Musselman E, Miller CA, Bennett K, Olver CS, Volker SF, VandeWoude S, Bevins SN. 2018. Effects of Low-level Brodifacoum Exposure on the Feline Immune Response. Sci Rep. 8(1): https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-26558-3
4.
Ruger L, Yang E, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Vickers E, Gannon J, Nightengale M, Hsueh A, Ciepluch B, Dervisis N, Vlaisavljevich E, et al. 2023. Histotripsy ablation for the treatment of feline injection site sarcomas: a first-in-cat in vivo feasibility study. International Journal of Hyperthermia. 40(1): https://doi.org/10.1080/02656736.2023.2210272
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