Aprotinin Applications in Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Processes

Section Overview

• What is Aprotinin?
• What is Aprotinin’s Mechanism of Action?
• How is Aprotinin Used in Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Manufacturing?
• How is Aprotinin Used for Assay Development?
• How is Aprotinin Used for in vitro Diagnostics (IVD)? 
• How Stable is Aprotinin?
• Aprotinin Products for Further Manufacturing Uses (FFMU)
• Related Products

What is Aprotinin?

Aprotinin is a competitive protease inhibitor¹ used in various manufacturing processes, particularly in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. It is commonly used to inhibit proteases, during the purification and production of proteins, including recombinant proteins and antibodies.

What is Aprotinin’s Mechanism of Action?

Serine proteases hydrolyze peptide bonds, resulting in the breakdown of proteins. Aprotinin functions by binding to the active sites of serine proteases, thereby preventing their enzymatic activity. Aprotinin forms a reversible and tight complex that blocks the access of substrates to the active site of the protease, effectively inhibiting its enzymatic activity. The binding of aprotinin to serine proteases is highly specific and is governed by the complementary shapes and charges of the two molecules. Aprotinin and similar serine proteases are extremely versatile tools and are often reengineered for use in diverse biotech and therapeutic applications.²

How is Aprotinin Used in Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Manufacturing?

When used in manufacturing, aprotinin helps prevent the degradation of proteins by inhibiting proteases that could potentially hydrolyze them. Aprotinin is especially important in processes where the integrity and stability of proteins need to be maintained, such as in the production of pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals.

In pharmaceutical development, aprotinin is used in various stages, including the purification and production of proteins. Aprotinin helps ensure that antibodies and recombinant proteins remain intact and functional throughout the manufacturing process. Furthermore, aprotinin can be used to protect proteins from degradation during storage and formulation, thereby contributing to the overall stability of pharmaceutical products.

How is Aprotinin Used for Assay Development?

Aprotinin is commonly used in assay development to protect proteins or peptides involved in the assay. By adding aprotinin in assay development, researchers can ensure that proteases do not compromise the integrity of the proteins or peptides being studied, leading to more accurate and reproducible assay data.

Typical uses of aprotinin in assay development are as follows:

Protease Inhibition

Aprotinin is added to the assay reagents to inhibit the activity of serine proteases that could potentially degrade the proteins or peptides of interest during the assay. This ensures that the proteins or peptides remain intact and functionally active throughout the assay.

Assay Optimization

The concentration of aprotinin used in the assay is often optimized to achieve the best balance between protease inhibition and minimal interference with the assay's results.

Stability Enhancement

Aprotinin helps enhance the stability of proteins or peptides during storage and incubation, which is particularly important in long-duration or multi-step assays.

Assay Validation

Aprotinin-treated samples can be used as controls to validate the effectiveness of protease inhibition and the impact of aprotinin on the assay results.

Increased Sensitivity in Assays

By preventing the breakdown of proteins, aprotinin enhances the sensitivity and reliability of assays involving proteins and peptides.

How is Aprotinin Used for in vitro Diagnostics (IVD)?

Aprotinin has been used in the development of in vitro diagnostics (IVD) for its ability to preserve the integrity of proteins and peptides used in diagnostic assays. In the context of IVD, aprotinin is used in the following ways:

1. Sample Preparation: Aprotinin may be added to biological samples to prevent protease-mediated degradation of proteins and peptides before analysis. This application is particularly important in assays where the stability of diagnostic markers needs to be maintained.
2. Assay Development: Aprotinin is integrated into the assay reagents to ensure that the proteins or peptides being analyzed remain unaltered throughout the diagnostic process.
3. Quality Control: Aprotinin-treated samples can serve as controls to validate the effectiveness of protease inhibition, assess the impact of aprotinin on assay results, and ensure consistent performance of the diagnostic test.

How Stable is Aprotinin?

Aprotinin is relatively stable against denaturation due to its compact tertiary structure. It can withstand high temperatures, acids, alkalis, organic solvents, and proteolytic degradation. However, thermolysin can effectively degrade aprotinin after heating it to 60–80°C. To maintain its stability long-term, store aprotinin at low temperatures, typically at or below -20°C. When stored under these conditions, aprotinin can remain stable for an extended period. Over time, aprotinin can be sensitive to high temperatures and to repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Exposure to high temperatures or fluctuations can lead to a loss of activity and degradation. For best results, follow the manufacturer's recommendations for storage and handling, including protecting aprotinin from exposure to light and ensuring proper sealing to avoid contamination.

Aprotinin products for further manufacturing uses (FFMU)

The following aprotinin products were qualified by site-level, quality assurance to meet the assigned Elevate Program quality attributes and are for research or further manufacturing use only and not intended for direct use in humans or animals. Non-TSCA use only in the US. Products in the Elevate program have an MQ level of 300 or higher and enhanced quality and documentation attributes that are useful for assay developers and manufacturers, including the following:

• Verified process control for products within the Elevate program
• Aligned with M-Clarity™ segments
• Audit access availability with experienced technical service, if requirements are met
• Audit-ready documentation (CoA, Dossier, IFU, etc.)
• Quick turnaround time in responding to inquiries and providing necessary documentation for manufacturer’s needs

For additional benefits, see the M-Clarity™ matrix.

Custom pack sizes and application-specific configurations for aprotinin are available.

Aprotinin from Bovine Lung

Code	Product Description	250 mg	1 g	10 x 1 g	50 mL	500 mL	1000 mL
SRE0078	Aprotinin from Bovine Lung, lyophilized powder, ≥3 TIU/mg solid	√	Coming Soon	Coming Soon
SRE0050	Aprotinin from Bovine Lung, saline solution, 3-7 TIU/mg protein				√	√	√

Site Of Manufacturing, Testing, Packaging, and Release

Code	Product Description	Site Information
SRE0078	Aprotinin from Bovine Lung, lyophilized powder, ≥3 TIU/mg solid	Sigma-Aldrich Corporation 3500 Dekalb Street, St. Louis, MO 63118 USA
SRE0050	Aprotinin from Bovine Lung, saline solution, 3-7 TIU/mg protein

Product Certificate Table

Code	Product Description	Specifications	Example of CoA	Example of CoO
SRE0078	Aprotinin from Bovine Lung, lyophilized powder, ≥3 TIU/mg solid	Click Here	Click Here	Click Here
SRE0050	Aprotinin from Bovine Lung, saline solution, 3-7 TIU/mg protein	Click Here	Click Here	Click Here

References

1. Budavari S. 1989. Drugs and Biologicals. [Internet]. Rahway, NJ: The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Available from: https://search.worldcat.org/en/title/The-Merck-index-:-an-encyclopedia-of-chemicals-drugs-and-biologicals/oclc/21297020

2. Pogson M, Georgiou G, Iverson BL. 2009. Engineering next generation proteases. Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 20(4):390-397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2009.07.003

3. Williams M. 2013. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals, 15th Edition Edited by M.J.O'Neil, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK ISBN 9781849736701; 2708 pages. April 2013, $150 with 1‐year free access to The Merck Index Online.. Drug Development Research. 74(5):339-339. https://doi.org/10.1002/ddr.21085