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  • HMGB1 mediates the development of tendinopathy due to mechanical overloading.

HMGB1 mediates the development of tendinopathy due to mechanical overloading.

PloS one (2019-09-29)
Guangyi Zhao, Jianying Zhang, Daibang Nie, Yiqin Zhou, Feng Li, Kentaro Onishi, Timothy Billiar, James H-C Wang
ABSTRACT

Mechanical overloading is a major cause of tendinopathy, but the underlying pathogenesis of tendinopathy is unclear. Here we report that high mobility group box1 (HMGB1) is released to the tendon extracellular matrix and initiates an inflammatory cascade in response to mechanical overloading in a mouse model. Moreover, administration of glycyrrhizin (GL), a naturally occurring triterpene and a specific inhibitor of HMGB1, inhibits the tendon's inflammatory reactions. Also, while prolonged mechanical overloading in the form of long-term intensive treadmill running induces Achilles tendinopathy in mice, administration of GL completely blocks the tendinopathy development. Additionally, mechanical overloading of tendon cells in vitro induces HMGB1 release to the extracellular milieu, thereby eliciting inflammatory and catabolic responses as marked by increased production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) in tendon cells. Application of GL abolishes the cellular inflammatory/catabolic responses. Collectively, these findings point to HMGB1 as a key molecule that is responsible for the induction of tendinopathy due to mechanical overloading placed on the tendon.

MATERIALS
Product Number
Brand
Product Description

Sigma-Aldrich
HMG-1 human, lyophilized powder, ≥90% (SDS-PAGE), Histidine-tagged, recombinant, expressed in E. coli
Sigma-Aldrich
RIPA Buffer
Sigma-Aldrich
Anti-Sox9 Antibody, Chemicon®, from rabbit
Sigma-Aldrich
Glycyrrhizic acid ammonium salt from glycyrrhiza root (licorice), ≥95.0% (NT)
Sigma-Aldrich
Alginic acid sodium salt, powder
Sigma-Aldrich
Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG Antibody, Cy3 conjugate, Chemicon®, from goat