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Merck

Increased beta 2 defensin in recurrent aphthous ulcer.

Oral diseases (2014-05-24)
A Al-Samadi, A Salem, M Ainola, J Hietanen, R Häyrinen-Immonen, Y T Konttinen
ABSTRACT

It was hypothesized that beta 2 defensin (BD-2) is increased in RAU lesions compared with healthy controls to promote anti-microbial host defence. RAU and control mucosa samples were subjected to quantitative real-time PCR and immunostained for BD-2, CD68, mast cell tryptase and 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE). The effect of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) ± interleukin-17C (IL-17C), without and with vitamin K3, was studied on BD-2 expression in epithelial SCC-25 cells. Although BD-2 mRNA did not differ between healthy and RAU mucosa, BD-2 stained strongly in acute-phase RAU epithelium (P = 0.001). In controls, subepithelial BD-2(+) cells were mast cells and macrophages, whereas in RAU, most infiltrating leucocytes were BD-2(+) (P = 0.004). In cell culture, BD-2 was increased 124-fold by TNF-α (P < 0.0001) and 208-fold synergistically together with IL-17C (P < 0.0001). 4HNE staining of RAU epithelium was not significantly increased, and vitamin K3-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) did not affect BD-2. Anti-microbial BD-2 was not affected by oxidative stress but was highly increased in the epithelial and immigrant cells in the acute-phase RAU lesions, probably in part synergistically by TNF-α and epithelial IL-17C, which are known to be induced by activation of danger-signal receptors by pathogen- and/or damage-associated molecular patterns.

MATERIALS
Product Number
Brand
Product Description

Supelco
Menadione (K3), analytical standard
Sigma-Aldrich
Menadione, meets USP testing specifications
Sigma-Aldrich
Menadione, crystalline
Menadione, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
USP
Menadione, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Supelco
Menadione, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
Supelco
1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene, Standard for quantitative NMR, TraceCERT®, Manufactured by: Sigma-Aldrich Production GmbH, Switzerland
Sigma-Aldrich
1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene, 98%