Skip to Content
Merck
  • Control of homeostatic and pathogenic balance in adipose tissue by ganglioside GM3.

Control of homeostatic and pathogenic balance in adipose tissue by ganglioside GM3.

Glycobiology (2014-10-12)
Masakazu Nagafuku, Takashige Sato, Saya Sato, Kyoko Shimizu, Toshio Taira, Jin-Ichi Inokuchi
ABSTRACT

Ganglioside GM3 (Siaα2-3Galβ1-4Glcβ1-1Cer) has been known to participate in insulin signaling by regulating the association of the insulin receptor in caveolae microdomains (lipid rafts), which is essential for the execution of the complete insulin metabolic signaling in adipocytes. Macrophage-secreted factors including proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β, in adipose tissues have been known to limit the local adipogenesis and induce insulin resistance; however, the interplay between adipocytes and macrophages upon regulation of GM3 expression is not clear. GM3 was virtually absent in primary adipocytes differentiated from macrophage-depleted mesenteric stromal vesicular cells, which accompanies enhancement of insulin signaling and adipogenesis. We found that the expression of GM3 is governed by soluble factors including steady-state levels of proinflammatory cytokines secreted from resident macrophages. The direct involvement of GM3 in insulin signaling is demonstrated by the fact that embryonic fibroblasts obtained from GM3 synthase (GM3S)-deficient mice have increased insulin signaling, when compared with wild-type embryonic fibroblasts, which in turn leads to enhanced adipogeneis. In addition, GM3 expression in primary adipocytes is increased under proinflammatory conditions as well as in adipose tissue of diet-induced obese mice. Moreover, GM3S-deficient mice fed high-fat diets become obese but are resistant to the development of insulin resistance and chronic low-grade inflammatory states. Thus, GM3 functions as a physiological regulatory factor of the balance between homeostatic and pathological states in adipocytes by modulating insulin signaling in lipid rafts.

MATERIALS
Product Number
Brand
Product Description

Supelco
5α-Androstan-17β-ol-3-one, VETRANAL®, analytical standard
Sigma-Aldrich
Methanol-12C, 99.95 atom % 12C
Sigma-Aldrich
Methanol solution, NMR reference standard, 4% in methanol-d4 (99.8 atom % D), NMR tube size 3 mm × 8 in.
Supelco
2-Propanol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
Supelco
2-Propanol, analytical standard
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 99.995% trace metals basis
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt solution, BioUltra, for molecular biology, pH 8.0, ~0.5 M in H2O
Sigma-Aldrich
5α-Androstan-17β-ol-3-one, purum, ≥99.0% (TLC)
Sigma-Aldrich
Sodium deoxycholate, BioXtra, ≥98.0% (dry matter, NT)
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, BioUltra, ≥99.0% (KT)
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, ≥98.0% (KT)
Sigma-Aldrich
2-Propanol, BioUltra, for molecular biology, ≥99.5% (GC)
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, anhydrous, crystalline, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, purified grade, ≥98.5%, powder
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, BioUltra, anhydrous, ≥99% (titration)
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution, 0.02% in DPBS (0.5 mM), sterile-filtered, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture
Sigma-Aldrich
2-Propanol, HPLC Plus, for HPLC, GC, and residue analysis, 99.9%, poly coated bottles
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, ACS reagent, 99.4-100.6%, powder
Sigma-Aldrich
2-Propanol, for molecular biology, BioReagent, ≥99.5%
Sigma-Aldrich
Sodium deoxycholate, ≥97% (titration)
Sigma-Aldrich
Methanol solution, (Methanol:Dimethyl sulfoxide 1:1 (v/v))
Sigma-Aldrich
2-Propanol, electronic grade, 99.999% trace metals basis
Supelco
Residual Solvent - Chloroform, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
Sigma-Aldrich
2-Propanol, suitable for HPLC, 99.5%
Sigma-Aldrich
2-Propanol, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, ≥99.8% (GC)
Sigma-Aldrich
2-Propanol, suitable for HPLC, 99.9%
Sigma-Aldrich
2-Propanol, HPLC Plus, for HPLC, GC, and residue analysis, 99.9%
USP
2-Propanol, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Millipore
Bifido Selective Supplement B, suitable for microbiology
USP
Glacial acetic acid, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard