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What can flies tell us about copper homeostasis?

Metallomics : integrated biometal science (2013-08-02)
Adam Southon, Richard Burke, James Camakaris
ABSTRACT

Copper (Cu) is an essential redox active metal that is potentially toxic in excess. Multicellular organisms acquire Cu from the diet and must regulate uptake, storage, distribution and export of Cu at both the cellular and organismal levels. Systemic Cu deficiency can be fatal, as seen in Menkes disease patients. Conversely Cu toxicity occurs in patients with Wilson disease. Cu dyshomeostasis has also been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Over the last decade, the fly Drosophila melanogaster has become an important model organism for the elucidation of eukaryotic Cu regulatory mechanisms. Gene discovery approaches with Drosophila have identified novel genes with conserved protein functions relevant to Cu homeostasis in humans. This review focuses on our current understanding of Cu uptake, distribution and export in Drosophila and the implications for mammals.

MATERIALS
Product Number
Brand
Product Description

Sigma-Aldrich
Copper, foil, ≥99.8% (complexometric)
Sigma-Aldrich
Copper, beads, 2-8 mm, ≥99.99% trace metals basis
Continuous cast copper (O), BCR®, certified reference material, rod
Sigma-Aldrich
Copper, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, 99.999% trace metals basis
Sigma-Aldrich
Copper, beads, 2-8 mm, 99.9995% trace metals basis
Sigma-Aldrich
Copper, wire, diam. 0.25 mm, 99.999% trace metals basis
Sigma-Aldrich
Copper, powder, <75 μm, 99%
Sigma-Aldrich
Copper, foil, thickness 0.025 mm, 99.98% trace metals basis
Sigma-Aldrich
Copper, foil, thickness 0.5 mm, 99.98% trace metals basis
Sigma-Aldrich
Copper, wire, diam. 1.0 mm, ≥99.9%
Sigma-Aldrich
Copper, turnings, purum p.a., ≥99.0%
Sigma-Aldrich
Copper, wire, diam. 0.64 mm, 99.995% trace metals basis
Sigma-Aldrich
Copper, wire, diam. 2.0 mm, 99.999% trace metals basis
Copper - O.F.H.C., foil, light tested, 25x25mm, thickness 0.05mm, hard, 99.95+%
Copper, wire reel, 5m, diameter 1.0mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
Copper - O.F.H.C., foil, 6mm disks, thickness 1.0mm, half hard, 99.95+%
Copper - O.F.H.C., foil, light tested, 150x150mm, thickness 0.05mm, annealed, 99.95+%
Copper - O.F.H.C., rod, 100mm, diameter 25.4mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
Copper - O.F.H.C., rod, 500mm, diameter 16mm, as drawn, 99.95+%
Copper - O.F.H.C., rod, 200mm, diameter 25.4mm, as drawn, 99.95+%
Copper - O.F.H.C., foil, light tested, 150x150mm, thickness 0.05mm, hard, 99.95+%
Copper - O.F.H.C., rod, 200mm, diameter 12.7mm, as drawn, 99.95+%
Copper - O.F.H.C., foil, 8mm disks, thickness 0.1mm, hard, 99.95+%
Copper - O.F.H.C., foil, light tested, 100x100mm, thickness 0.075mm, half hard, 99.95+%
Copper - O.F.H.C., foil, 6mm disks, thickness 0.7mm, half hard, 99.95+%
Copper - O.F.H.C., rod, 1000mm, diameter 3.15mm, as drawn, 99.95+%
Copper - O.F.H.C., foil, light tested, 25x25mm, thickness 0.006mm, hard, 99.95+%
Copper - O.F.H.C., rod, 200mm, diameter 50.0mm, as drawn, 99.95+%
Copper - O.F.H.C., tube, 100mm, outside diameter 0.9mm, inside diameter 0.56mm, wall thickness 0.17mm, 99.95+%
Copper - O.F.H.C., sheet, 300x300mm, thickness 3.0mm, 99.95+%