Samarium doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles as theranostic agents in radiation therapy.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) have been investigated for their role as radiosensitisers for radiation therapy. The study aims to increase the efficiency of these NPs by synthesising them with samarium. Samarium-doped TiO2 NPs (Ti(Sm)O2 NPs) were synthesised using a solvothermal method. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were performed for characterising of the Ti(Sm)O2 NPs. The intracellular uptake and cytotoxicity were assessed in vitro using A549 and DU145 cancer cell lines. Furthermore, the effect of dose enhancement and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to 6 MV X-rays was evaluated. Additionally, the image contrast properties were investigated using computed tomography (CT) images. The synthesised Ti(Sm)O2 NPs were about 13 nm in diameter as determined by TEM. The XRD pattern of Ti(Sm)O2 NPs was consistent with that of anatase-type TiO2. EDS confirmed the presence of samarium in the nanoparticles. At 200 μg/ml concentration, no differences in cellular uptake and cytotoxicity were observed between TiO2 NPs and Ti(Sm)O2 NPs in both A549 and DU145 cells. However, the combination of Ti(Sm)O2 NPs and X-rays elicited higher cytotoxic effect and ROS generation in the cells than that with TiO2 NPs and X-rays. The CT numbers of Ti(Sm)O2 NPs were systematically higher than that of TiO2 NPs. The Ti(Sm)O2 NPs increased the dose enhancement of MV X-ray beams than that elicited by TiO2 NPs. Samarium improved the efficiency of TiO2 NPs as potential radiosensitising agent.